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Sunday 27 October 2013

Latest report pins Nexus 5 debut on October 31

Unconfirmed reports suggest the Nexus 5 is but days away.
(Credit: Google)
Anticipation is building over when Google will finally release the LG Nexus 5 with Android 4.4 KitKat.
It will make its formal debut on Thursday to US customers through the Google Play store, according to a source close to Canadian tech blog MobileSyrup.

After blowing past previously rumored arrival dates, the ballyhooed Nexus 5 is expected to break cover any day. The past few weeks have given way to multiple dates for the LG smartphone, ranging from the vague "
October" to more-specific days and weeks.Canadians may get their hands on the phone a week later on either November 7 or 8. The tipster claims multiple carriers are in line to support the smartphone including Rogers, Bell, TELUS, Koodo, and Virgin Mobile.
It's worth pointing out that the handset is not yet delayed; we've never been given an official time frame in the first place.
Google has historically introduced its new Nexus products and Android releases with a press conference or YouTube broadcast. We might hope to see save the date e-mails or teasers surface in the coming days, giving fans and enthusiasts something to look forward to.
Originally posted at Android Atlas

Saturday 26 October 2013

A look at Apple's new slimmer iPad Air


SOURCE:  BBC NEWS
22 October 2013 Last updated at 22:48 BST
The BBC's Richard Taylor has a look at Apple's latest tablet called the iPad Air that is 20% thinner than the previous version.
CNET's Tim Stevens says the new tablet is a "logical progression".
The launch comes at a time when some analysts have suggested that Google's Android is about to overtake Apple's iOS as the bestselling tablet platform.

VZ NEWS

will Apple's new iPad Air be the best tablet on the market?

The iPad Air goes on sale in less than a week and already the challengers are stepping up including bold opposition from the old guard of mobile phones, Nokia.
Apple have announced the latest iPad weighs just one pound and as well as the super dainty tablet, they have also announced the iPad mini with retina display.
By no coincidence whatsoever, mobile phone veterans Nokia announced the company's first tablet on the same day. But as much as we all loved Nokia back in the day, how can they compare to the giant in today's market?
The iPad Air has the familiar 9.7" screen but is considerably thinner than previous models. The Nokia Lumia 2520 however boasts a 10.1" screen with a ClearBlack display filter that makes it easier to read in sunlight.
The Lumia is a definite winner when it comes to photography, offering a 6.7 megepixel rear camera and 2 megapixel front camera. The iPad however has a measly 5 at the back and 1.2 at the front.
Where the iPad Air triumphs is with the operating system. The new iOS 7 comes with a colourful interface, improved notification centre and control panel as well as iWorks for free.
The Lumia boasts Windows 8.1 RT with full Microsoft Office, but that feels old hat next to Apple's offerings.
For a processor, Apple is rolling out 16GB, 32GB, 64GB and 128GB models while the Nokia has a standard 32GB that can be boosted by a further 32GB with a card slot.
Nokia does better than Apple with battery life. The iPad Air claims to last for 10 hours while the Lumia edges it with 11 hours and an add on 'power keyboard' that boosts it with another five hours.
The two tablets are about the same price, £399 (16GB model of the iPad) so your preference will depend purely on the features.
The iPad Air is on sale from November 1 with the iPad mini on sale later in November and Apple are not taking pre-orders.
The iPad mini with retina display, prices start at £319 for the 16GB Wi-fi only model. The 128GB Wi-fi only model costs £559.

Tuesday 22 October 2013

internet connections through LED bulbs + light-waves LiFi

The new Li-Fi Technology !
a group of chinese scientists have successfully produced internet signals sent exclusively through lightbulbs (LiFi), instead of WiFi. in the tests, four computers hooked up to one-watt LED light bulbs with embedded microchips connect to the web using light-waves as a carrier instead of traditional radio frequencies, as in WiFi. the smart LEDs can produce data rates as fast as 150 megabits per second, faster than the average broadband connection in china. the system is also as cost-effective as well as efficient,wherever there is an LED light-bulb, there is an internet signal,’ said chi, a scientist from the shanghai institute of technical physics of the chinese academy of sciences. ‘turn off the light and there is no signal, if the light is blocked, then the signal will be cut off.’ if the technology evolves, we will one day start seeing LED bulbs retrofitted and turned into hot-spots and access points for broadband networks in both home and office contexts.

to demonstrate the technology, 10 sample LiFi kits will be put on display at the china international industry fair in shanghai starting november 5, 2013.

Tuesday 15 October 2013

Apple officially sets its October 22 iPad event

As expected, Apple sends out invitations for an event early next week where it will likely introduce new iPads and Macs.

(Credit: CNET)
Apple's "very busy" fall season of product launches is in full swing. The company just sent out invites for a news event next week, where new iPads and Macs are expected.
The invite says only, "We still have a lot to cover," and has colorful leaves from the Apple logo.
The press conference will take place at Yerba Buena Center for the Arts Theater in San Francisco, and begins at 10 a.m. Pacific. CNET will be there to bring you all the news, live. Stay tuned for more details on how to watch.
Apple's last event was in September, where the company debuted the iPhone 5S and 5C, which went on sale a week later. This time around we're expecting new models of the iPad and iPad Mini, which have been chronicled in a series of leaks. Apple is also expected to update some of its Macs -- particularly its MacBook Pros -- and offer a price and release date for OS X Mavericks, which was first shown off in June and finalized earlier this month.
The date matches up with one reported earlier from AllThingsD.
Apple's chief financial officer characterized the company's fall as "very busy" while talking to Wall Street analysts earlier this year. So far it's gone with a very similar strategy to last year, with two main events just before the busy holiday shopping season to refresh its entire product line. However CEO Tim Cook has hinted that there are some big products slated for early next year too.
It's unclear at this point if Apple will also be offering a live video stream for the event. The company provided one for last October's event, which brought a new version of the full-sized iPad, as well as the debut of the iPad Mini and upgrades to some Macs.

Why the Nexus 5 should advance touchless control?

Google's anticipated new Android KitKat phone should be capable of always listening for voice commands, and it's also likely to be the new phone that pushes the technology forward.

Will the new Nexus always have its ears open?
(Credit: Tutto Android)
The Android-gossip consensus is that we'll see a Nexus 5 running Android 4.4 KitKat revealed on Tuesday, yet we've heard of no confirmation or official invites to any unveiling.
Whether the big debut of the next pure Google phone has been pushed back or not, there's one killer feature I expect to see in the next Nexus that hasn't been directly addressed by the multitude of leaks -- the touchless control capability we've already come to know through Motorola's Moto X and latest Droids.
Voice control assistants like Google Now and Apple's Siri didn't revolutionize our relationships with our devices and the wider digital world overnight, but Google continues to play the long game on the concept. With touchless control, Motorola and Google upped the ante in the quest for that holy grail of Silicon Valley buzzwords that means nothing to most normal humans -- frictionless user interaction.
By my estimation, it's no coincidence that Google-owned Motorola rolled out touchless control on its flagship phones in advance of the consumer release of Google Glass. Just as the original iPhone introduced iOS, established a cultural comfort level with touch-based interaction, and paved the way for the success of the iPad and a whole new way of computing, Google surely hopes touchless control will act as a societal primer for a brave new world in which we all walk around communicating and accessing data by talking to our glasses.
A no-brainer? 
Given all this, it seems like a no-brainer to me that Google would include touchless control as a key feature in its next reference-design Nexus device. According to Motorola, the secret sauce behind touchless control in the Moto X is its "X8" computing system that features "two low-power cores" that are always listening for the user's voice to give the "OK, Google Now" command to activate it.
Teardowns of the Moto X reveal that the "X8" is essentially a Snapdragon-based custom system on a chip consisting of four GPU cores, a dual-core CPU, and then the two low-power cores. The Snapdragon 800 that the Nexus 5 is rumored to be based on is a different animal, but as GigaOm points out, the hardware should be natively capable of running touchless control.
That's because the Snapdragon 800 has basically incorporated the same always-listening capability that Motorola custom-built into the X8 -- Qualcomm calls it "voice activation." Right now there are three phones on the market running the Snapdragon 800 -- Samsung's Galaxy Note 3, the Sony Xperia Z Ultra, and the LG G2, which is rumored to be what the LG-made Nexus 5 is based on.
The waiting game
On the Note 3, Samsung's S voice is not as impressive as Moto's touchless control; it's built to work best with Samsung's native apps rather than Google's. Sony's Xperia Z Ultra isn't sold by any U.S. carriers, and Sony's own marketing makes no mention of voice activation capabilities, while the LG G2 uses third-party software called Voice Mate for the same functions, which CNET's reviewers found to be nearly useless.
In other words, Google seems to be the only Snapdragon 800 client with an interest in pushing voice activation as a major feature. I'm banking we'll hear a lot about it at the release of the Nexus 5, but then again, I've been disappointed in the past -- I'm still a little shocked at the lack of LTE on the Nexus 4.
So now all we can do is wait. Before the October 15 date popped up, I was hearing that Nexus 5 availability was more likely to happen closer to the end of the month, which could make sense for a Halloween trick-or-treat tie-in given the introduction of Android KitKat.

Monday 14 October 2013

A worker checks radiation levels on the window of a bus during a media tour at Japan's Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear plant in the town of Okuma, Fukushima prefecture on June 12, 2013


Experts from the International Atomic Energy Agency met Japanese officials Monday as part of a mission to assess clean-up efforts at the crippled Fukushima nuclear power plant.
The UN atomic agency began the nine-day mission at the request of the Japanese government, as it did in 2011 following a powerful earthquake and tsunami that sparked reactor meltdowns at Fukushima.
The plant's operator has struggled to contain radioactive contamination, admitting in July that highly toxic water from the site may have leaked out to sea.
"The international community and the agency in particular are very interested in following the recovery activities in Japan," Juan Carlos Lentijo, director of the IAEA's nuclear fuel cycle and waste technology division, told Japanese officials at the environment ministry.
Lentijo will lead a 16-member team of experts to tour polluted areas near the stricken Fukushima plant, some 220 kilometres (140 miles) northeast of Tokyo
Lentijo told reporters the team hoped to advise on the clean-up as well as ways of dealing with radioactive waste.
Vice Environment Minister Shinji Inoue told IAEA officials: "We have great expectations that you will provide us with significant advice from international and professional standpoints."
A massive earthquake and tsunami in March 2011 devastated Japan's northeast coast and sparked reactor meltdowns at the Fukushima plant by knocking out its cooling systems.
The plant has continued to leak, with some radioactive water suspected of flowing into the Pacific Ocean.
Tens of thousands of people who were evacuated from the Fukushima region are still unable to return to their homes, with scientists warning some areas near the plant will have to be abandoned forever because of radioactive contamination.
 This article was distributed through the NewsCred Smartwire. Original article © Agence France Presse 

Hackers offered cash, booze to crack iPhone fingerprint security



BOSTON (Reuters) - Hackers are gearing up for Friday's iPhone 5S release with a contest to crack the device's first-ever fingerprint scanner, a high-tech feature that Apple Inc says makes users' data more secure.
A micro venture capital firm joined a group of security researchers to offer more than $13,000 in cash along with bottles of booze, Bitcoin currency, books and other goodies to the first hacker who breaks the device in a contest promoted on the website http://istouchidhackedyet.com/.
Arturas Rosenbacher, founding partner of Chicago's IO Capital, which donated $10,000 to the hacking competition, said that the effort will bring together some of the hacking community's smartest minds to help Apple identify bugs that it may have missed.
"This is to fix a problem before it becomes a problem," he said. "This will make things safer."
Meanwhile, Forbes.com reported that a 36-year-old soldier living in Spain's Canary Islands, Jose Rodriguez, has already uncovered a security vulnerability affecting iOS 7, which Apple began distributing to existing iPhone and iPad customers on Wednesday.
The publication said that it is possible to bypass the lock screen of those devices in seconds to access photos, email, Twitter and other applications. It included a video demonstration on its website and advice on how users could thwart the bypass technique: http://onforb.es/16IU6Y3
Apple spokeswoman Trudy Muller told Reuters that the company was preparing a fix that it would deliver as an update to iOS 7 when it was ready. "Apple takes user security very seriously," she said.
Among those getting ready for the hacking contest is David Kennedy, a former U.S. Marine Corps cyber-intelligence analyst who did two tours in Iraq and now runs his own consulting firm, TrustedSec LLC.
"I am just waiting to get my hands on it to figure out how to get around it first," the founder of the DerbyCon hacking conference told the Thomson Reuters Global Markets Forum this week. "I'll be up all night trying."
WHY WORRY?
Security experts worry about the implications of using the module to grant access to sensitive data on the phone and potentially enabling mobile purchases.
The fingerprint scanner on the top-of-the-line iPhone lets users unlock their devices or make purchases on iTunes by simply pressing their finger on the home button. It has been hailed as a major step in popularizing the use of biometrics in personal electronics.
Security engineer Charlie Miller, known in hacking circles for uncovering major bugs in the iPhone as well as circumventing security in Apple's App Store, said it could take fewer than two weeks for Kennedy or some other smart hacker to get around the new lock.
Once they're in, they could gain access to the cornucopia of data typically stored on a user's iPhone and might potentially be able to buy goods from iTunes and Apple's App store.
Miller declined to comment on the hacking contest or potential security vulnerabilities in the fingerprint reader.
To be sure, experts say they know of nothing intrinsically wrong with Apple's fingerprint reader, based on what the company has so far disclosed. Reviewers this week gushed over its ease of use and reliability.
The reader's sapphire crystal sensor is embedded in the phone's home button and reviews the fingerprint as a user touches it to verify his or her identity.
Data used for verification is encrypted and stored in a secure enclave of the phone's A7 processor chip. No information is sent to any remote servers, including Apple's iCloud system.
HD Moore, a hacking expert and chief researcher with the security software maker Rapid7, said such protections mean "the bar is a little bit higher," but that certainly won't discourage hackers from trying to break the new technology.
"This is definitely something to target and something people will want to go after," he said.
NOTHING PERSONAL
Apple shouldn't take hackers' enthusiasm personally.
All major electronics products are subjected to similar scrutiny as new features are rolled out, including devices from Google Inc, Microsoft Corp and Samsung Electronics Co.
For example, in 2012, Charlie Miller led a team that demonstrated techniques for taking over smartphones running Google's Android software through their use of near-field communications, or NFC, a wireless technology used for sharing data or making purchases at point-of-sales terminals.
Bugs are often disclosed by "white hats," hackers who unearth flaws and report them so manufacturers can repair them, preventing criminal exploitation. The hope is the good guys find them before "black hats" uncover them.
White hats have found multiple security issues with iPhones, iPads and in the App store since Apple launched its first smartphone in 2007. They say that scrutiny has helped make it one of the most secure devices on the market today.
Apple executives said at last week's iPhone launch that the new fingerprint reader, dubbed Touch ID, will help make phones far more secure by dint of its ease of use.
About half of all smartphone users don't bother to use current screen-locking technology because of the inconvenience of keying in multiple-digit passwords. Apple is betting users may be far more willing to avail themselves of a solution that requires a single finger-swipe.
"The technology within Touch ID is some of the most advanced hardware and software we put in any device," Dan Riccio, senior vice president of hardware engineering, said at the event.
Kennedy said he needs to examine the new iPhone to figure out how to best attempt an attack.
He said his choices include hacking the software that analyzes the fingerprint data, or physically opening up the phone and connecting it to a custom-built device that would impersonate Apple's fingerprint reader.
He added that it might be possible to lift a user's fingerprint from elsewhere on the device and somehow make a clone of it.
Rich Mogul, an analyst with the security research firm Securosis, said he planned to use it and expects it to be widely adopted despite the fact that hackers are circling.
"Nobody has gotten their hands on it to see what the weaknesses are and how easy it is to crack," Mogul said.
"We'll have to wait to see."
(Editing by Edwin Chan, Andrew Hay, Cynthia Osterman and Kenneth Barry)
 This article was distributed through the NewsCred Smartwire. Original article © Reuters 2013

Pakistani stocks fall 175 points, rupee weakens

The Karachi Stock Exchange.—AFP/File Photo
KARACHI: Pakistan’s main stock exchange closed lower on Monday, with the benchmark 100-share index of the Karachi Stock Exchange falling 0.81 per cent or 175.61 points to 21,599.78.
Trading activity at the local bourse remained lackluster with Eid holidays just around the corner.
Investors preferred to stay on the sidelines, though some interest was witnessed in specific banking and fertilizer stocks on the basis of year-end results, dealers said.
Engro Corporation Ltd fell 4.83 per cent to 132.00 rupees while National Bank of Pakistan was down 0.94 per cent to 48.45 rupees.
The rupee ended weaker 106.18/106.23 against the dollar, compared to Friday’s close of 106.11/106.16.
Overnight rates in the money market fell to 9.25 per cent from Monday’s close of 9.50 per cent.

Did Malala ever wish to be a boy?



Magical realism is not just an art form. It is real because reality is magical. Just look at a day in the life of a 16-year old girl from Swat and decide if reality is magical or not.
On Oct. 11, 2013, Malala Yousafzai was in Washington to promote her book, “I am Malala.”
The first news she received in the morning was that she did not get this year’s Nobel Peace Prize. It may have disappointed her, although she said it did not and congratulated the winners. But she had little time to think about it.
Finance ministers and senior officials from around the world were waiting for her at the World Bank. And these were not poets or bleeding heart liberals. They were hardened “financialists,” who usually do not go to functions where teenagers talk about their dreams. But they came to listen to her.
“Did you ever wish to be a boy?” she was asked. To which she responded:
 
It seems really strange. I never wished to be a boy and I will never wish it. I am proud to be a daughter. I am proud to be a girl.
She also went to a school where the US president and others like him send their kids. There, it is said, President Barack Obama’s daughters waited in a queue to greet her. They might have but it did not impress the Taliban.
“The Taliban will not lose an opportunity to kill Malala Yousafzai and those who were found selling her book will be targeted,” Taliban spokesman Shahidullah Shahid said in Pakistan.
“If I had the chance before I was shot, I would have told the Taliban, ‘you can shoot me, but listen to me first. I want education for your sons and daughters. Now I have spoken, so do whatever you want,’” said Malala.
On Oct. 9, 2012, Malala Yousafzai was shot in the head and neck in an assassination attempt by Taliban gunmen while returning home in Swat on a school van.
On Oct. 11, 2013, US President Barack Obama signed a proclamation to mark this day as the International Day of the Girl. And after signing the proclamation, the president, the First Lady and one of their daughters welcomed Malala to the Oval Office.
An official White House photo shows President Barack Obama, First Lady Michelle Obama, and their daughter Malia meet with Malala, in the Oval Office on October 11, 2013. –Photo by AFP
On Oct. 12, 2012 a group of 50 Islamic clerics in Pakistan issued a fatwā against those who tried to kill her, but the Taliban reiterated their intent to kill Malala and her father.
On Oct. 11, 2013, Malala was a frontrunner for this year’s Nobel Peace Prize. The prize committee gave it and the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.
“The OPCW is an important organisation working on the ground to help rid the world of chemical weapons. I would like to congratulate them on this much-deserved global recognition,” Malala said.
The book she co-authored with Christina Lamb, which was distributed in the US on Oct. 11, has already earned $3 million for her. And it will bring more as the book already sold thousands of copies on the first day.
I am happy for Malala. I am happy that she is living this magical life that others can only dream of, and she did too when she was living in Swat.
But I am also happy for her because she did not get the Nobel Prize. In losing the award, she won the chance to live a semi-normal life. Obviously, the world’s most famous teenager cannot live like other normal kids. There is a price to pay to be famous and every celebrity has to pay that price.
But a Nobel Prize would have taken away whatever chances she still has to be as normal as possible. And she deserves to live the life of a teenager and do all the things that teenagers do.
Washington Post’s education reporter Valerie Strauss disagrees. She believes Malala could have been a “more electrifying choice for the 2013 prize.”
Yes, it could have electrified millions and that’s why she should not have won it. A teenager does not need to electrify the world all the time. Sometimes, she also needs to play, read, sing, and argue with parents, to go out and enjoy. Being a teenager does not necessarily include traveling across the globe with world leaders.
I met Malala during Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif’s visit to the United Nations last month when she spoke at a seminar that Sharif also attended. (Please note, Malala’s presence eclipses world leaders too and they are counted among those who attended her meeting.)
We, a group of Pakistani journalists, saw her walking into Sharif’s hotel with her father and former British prime minister, Gordon Brown. We asked her to stop. She did.
I told her that I had recently visited her hometown in Swat. She wanted to talk but Mr Brown intervened. She had signed a contract with her publishers and could not give interviews before her book was published.
We did not want an interview. We just wanted to talk to her but she was not allowed to do so. This obviously is not normal for a teenager.
Her face showed the strain she was confronting. Her doctors had done an excellent job of restoring her face and her jaw, disfigured by Taliban’s bullets. But signs of the damage were still there.
Malala returned to the United States this week but not to meet normal people. She is here on a book tour. Teenagers do not go on book tours.

Malala speaks as World Bank President Jim Young Kim (L) watches at an International Day of the Girl event at World Bank Headquarters on October 11, 2013 in Washington, DC. –Photo by AFP

Malala told the audience that this week, she launched a book. “This book not only tells my story, but it tells the story of every girl who has been suffering from terrorism in Afghanistan and Pakistan. It is about girls’ rights and I know and am proud to be a girl, that we girls can change the world,” she said.
Then she asked other girls in the audience: “Are the girls with me?” “Yes,” they shouted.
Dressed in a black head scarf and brightly collared shalwar-Kameez, she spoke with the confidence of a seasoned speaker. She also joked with the World Bank president, a medical doctor, telling him she would rather become a politician because “a doctor can only help someone who has been shot. If I become a politician, I can help make a tomorrow where there are no more cases of people being shot.”
Malala said that when she was living in Swat, she dreamed of setting up an organisation to build schools and educate children. “And now it is a great opportunity for me because people are supportive, you are supporting me and of course the World Bank is supporting me, I am hopeful.”
“Well, in preparation for your arrival we thought just about how we could support you so I am very happy to announce that we are making a $200,000 donation to the Malala Fund today,” Kim responded.
“I believe in the power of the voice of women. And then I believe that when we work together that it’s really easy for us to achieve our goal.”
She said when she was in Swat, only a few like her were speaking for this cause, but still their voice had an impact and now millions of girls were raising their voices.
“So I believe through our voice, through raising our books and our pens we can achieve all goals and as soon as possible, but we need to work hard for it and we need to work together,” she said.
During the conversation, the organisers asked Malala’s father to stand up and was applauded by all when he did.
So, yes, her performance impressed me, as it may have annoyed those who hate her for opposing the Taliban and their weird views.
But can we appeal to both the groups to give her some space? Some privacy? A normal life?
Can we also make an effort to understand that Malala is not just a pawn in this Taliban-versus-the-rest fight? She is also an individual.

Samsung to unveil Galaxy Round flexible display phone -- report


Possibly debuting this week, the phone could steal some thunder from LG's allegedly upcoming G Flex smartphone.


Samsung is reportedly set to announce a curved display smartphone known as the Galaxy Round.
The new phone could be unveiled later this week, Korean news site Asiae reported Sunday. AGoogle translation of the story mentions October 10, but it's unclear whether that's the date forecast for the expected unveiling.
The phone would use a plastic display rather than one made of glass. The Asiae report follows a comment made by a Samsung executive in September confirming such a phone.
"We plan to introduce a smartphone with a curved display in South Korea in October," D.J. Lee, Samsung's mobile business head of strategic marketing, said at an event launching the Galaxy Note 3 smartphone, Reuters reported at the time.
Samsung has already filed for a trademark for the Galaxy Round name itself. The filing doesn't reveal anything about the device, but recent reports claim the phone would offer specs similar to those found in Samsung's Galaxy Note 3. A flexible display version of the Note 3 is rumored to be in the works as well.


Samsung's 'Youm flexible display' smartphones...

LG is also gearing up a flexible display smartphone called the G Flex, CNET recently learned, though that phone may not surface until November.
What exactly is a flexible display smartphone? Those of you who envision bending and flexing such smartphones may be disappointed. The phone's body itself is rigid. Rather, the display is curved although stationary. The curve allows the phone to fit more snugly around the contours of your face.
(Via Know Your Mobile)

Lightning powers mobile phone

The FBI has shut down the notorious online marketplace, Silk Road. The website allowed users to buy illegal drugs and other illicit items.
Augmented reality glasses to rival those being developed by Google could launch next year and a team from the University of Southampton has recreated a lightning bolt to show it could charge a mobile phone.
Nokia, which collaborated with the experiment, has warned users not to try this at home.
BBC Click's Spencer Kelly looks at these and other tech news stories.
Watch more clips on the Click website. If you are in the UK you can watch the whole programme on BBC iPlayer.

Bionic limbs will one day sense the grass under prosthetic feet

With the first thought-controlled bionic leg pioneered in Chicago, the next steps for smart prosthetics are refining them for widespread use and tackling a huge hurdle: sensory feedback.


(Credit: Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago )
It sounds like something straight out of science fiction: artificial limbs that not only move, flex, and feel like their flesh counterparts, but also respond directly to one's thoughts and even translate sensory feedback -- the feeling of grass beneath one's feet or the sensation of a limb floating in space -- straight back to the brain.
Thanks to an aggressive push in funding from the US military in an effort to the improve the lives of injured veterans, those advancements are no longer such farfetched dreams. While the idea of "Blade Runner"-level prosthetics is still a far-off fantasy, impressively capable, thought-controlled bionic limbs are now a modern-day reality thanks to pioneering research between the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago (RIC), DARPA, and a growing sector of companies developing the next generation of artificial limbs.

Just last month, the RIC announced that its research in bionics has yielded the first thought-controlled robotic leg. The research had already seen its fair share of headlines -- including a climb of 103 flights of stairs on the single prosthetic unit -- but the team led by Dr. Levi Hargrove waited to conclusively publish its findings in the The New England Journal of Medicine. The bionic hardware, which was more than eight years in the making, was coupled with a groundbreaking approach --targeted muscle reinnervation surgery -- that empowers the brain to move parts of the bionic limb with nerves that are rerouted to healthy muscles.
But thought-controlled limbs are only the beginning. With a goal to one day provide lower-cost, sensory-enabled limbs that may use implants to generate even more precise movement, bionics research is on course to fundamentally change the world of prosthetics over the course of the next decade.
TMR: Controlling your ankle with your hamstring 
In 2009, Zac Vawter was in a motorcycle accident that resulted in the amputation of his right leg below the knee. It turns out that, at roughly the same time, the RIC and Northwestern University were developing a procedure that would allow researchers to rewire nerves from damaged muscles to healthy ones, using the still-intact neural impulses to reroute movement.
Called targeted muscle reinnervation, or TMR, the surgery -- first developed in 2009 by doctors Gregory Dumanian and Todd Kuiken -- has worked for bionic hands and elbows, which can userewired nerves placed onto larger muscles like biceps and pectorals to translate contractions in those healthy muscles to wrist and arm movements.
So the now-32-year-old Seattle native volunteered to undergo TMR and become a part of a multiyear research that's backed by $8 million in funding from the US Army and additional financial support from DARPA, another big player in prosthetics that has helped foster cutting-edge bionic arms with its Revolutionizing Prosthetics program and advance the science that enables their movement with its Reliable Neural-Interface Technology program.

World's first thought-controlled bionic leg (pictures) ( More Pictures From CNET.COM )


So how exactly does TMR work with respect to Vawter's condition?
"We take nerves that would have gone down to his ankle and rewire them to his hamstring," said Dr. Annie Simon, a biomedical engineer on Hargrove's team at the RIC.
That means that when Vawter, post surgery, thinks of moving his ankle, the rewired nerves force his hamstring muscle to contract. Over-the-skin electrodes that are placed within the molded plastic that connects the bionic leg to the residual limb pick up on that contraction and translate it, through RIC's algorithms, into precise movement below the knee.
"It learns and performs activities unprecedented for any leg amputee, including seamless transitions between sitting, walking, ascending and descending stairs and ramps, and repositioning the leg while seated," Hargrove said.
Because Vawter's amputation was below the knee, he was left with healthy nerves that made him a perfect candidate for TMR. "If the nerve is healthy, it still carries that information that would have went to the missing joint, even 10 to 20 years post-amputation," explained Simon.
However, because the use of electrodes over the skin is noninvasive, even those with more complicated amputations that have not undergone TMR surgery can use the RIC's bionic leg. "If you have the surgery you can control the ankle a little bit better," Simon said, stressing that someone who has undergone TMR will have a few more sensors and a more precise nerve network to work with.
Hargrove and his team at the RIC think their bionic leg will available for home trials in three to five years. Currently, the RIC has only one device -- developed over an eight-year period by Vanderbilt University -- capable of being controlled with one's thoughts, and Vawter has yet to push its boundaries such as using it in the home.
"If there is a difference between what he intended to do and what the prosthesis does, we want it to just be the equivalent of, say, stubbing your toe," said Simon. Vanderbilt and prosthetic manufacturer Freedom Innovations are currently working on a second iteration of the leg that will near consumer-level quality and robustness.
Still, Vawter -- who uses a regular mechanical prosthetic for everyday use -- is optimistic. "For the first time since my injury, the bionic leg allows me to seamlessly walk up and down stairs and even reposition the prosthetic by thinking about the movement I want to perform. This is a huge milestone for me and for all leg amputees," he said in the RIC press release.
Sensory feedback: Technically possible, but still a long way off 
"I think you'll see bionic legs become very popular within 10 years," Hargrove said. But, he added, "the way that they're controlled will be variable."
Hargrove points out that there are already a number of high-tech prosthetics on the market, ones that forgo nerve rewiring and rely on simple electrodes and internal motors. For instance, the Bebionic3 is a prosthetic arm that comes with a multitude of grip patterns and the ability to move independent fingers with such precision that it's been called the "Terminator arm."

Still, thought-driven nerve control with the help of TMR is the ideal future for artificial limbs if science is to realistically replicate the functionality of a human hand or leg. To go even further, Hargrove suggests, one must imagine the use of implanted electrodes that could enable sensory feedback and employ substantially more natural neural interfacing.
"What we're not doing as well at yet is providing feedback to users about where the arm or leg is in space or the type of ground that they're on," he said, adding that sensory feedback is a growing area of research that still has a long path ahead to clinical use. "In order to get these advancements, we would need cutting-edge sensors that could perhaps be implanted in the body that could directly interface with the nerve."
Despite the breadth of the remaining ground to cover, Hargrove -- very much like the test subject that wears his team's bionic leg -- is ready for the future. "They'll continue to work better and better and better," he said.
"We hope we're laying the foundation here."




 

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